Appleton, Daniel S.
Devoted most of professional life, including active duty, retirement years and academic research, to study and research of shipboard leadership and management systems. Incentive stems from alarm at observation of how many people apparently lost their lives initially during WWII (and later in STARK and due to VINCENNES) because of conventional shipboard procedures that increased vulnerability to surprise and violence. There is no one in the Service concerned with "shipboard management"—all the flags have come up the old ways, and none has time or inclination to think about change.
Central premise for this work has been that the primary leadership goal of the Service should be achievement of Expert Ability to Fight (EATF). This is more important than ever in light of today’s focus on littoral warfare, which will inevitably call for more ships being required to deploy before completion of their normal preparatory training, and where the the weapons they will face will include many capable of being launched from undetermined origins covering thousands of square miles. EATF will mean ability to perform all designed functions under conditions of extreme stress, massive violence, and/or attempted enemy surprise.
The work has focused on development of improved techniques for use by warships crews to aid in withstanding stress and violence, defining team training goals, organizing for battle and battle training during condition watches, and providing feedback to all hands on what skills have been achieved.
Writings emanating from this work have included the following (copies of items tagged ** are in the Class of 40 archive in the Nimitz library USNA:
REPORTS BY CAPT DANIEL S. APPLETON CONCERNING THE COMBAT EFFECTIVENESS OF U. S. NAVAL SHIPS
(Note: Items marked as "Circulation papers" were distributed to all major operational commanders and in five cases to all surface force commanding officers. All such items have been marked "reproduction authorized for purposes of the U. S. Government." No costs have been incurred by any recipient.)
42 Emergency Procedures for Providing Ammunition to Main Battery Guns. (USS PENNSYLVANIA Standard Procedure Mar 42.)
50 Combat Training in Cruisers (Staff Study for Commander Battleship-Cruiser Force, Pacific Fleet Feb 50)
52 CRUDESPAC Gunnery Notes (Comdr Cruiser-Destroyer Force, Pacific Fleet, force-wide publication 1951-52. Presents continuing updates of weapons information.)
52 Gunnery Officers Drill Manual. (Draft submitted to the Chief of Naval Operations 1952. Widely circulated for Fleet comments. Published as NAVPERS 10885.)
53 The Gunnery Drill Guide (Independently conceived and drafted. Published as NAVPERS 10885 1953. This publication further developed the concept of the Personnel Qualification Standards (PQS) system.)
55 Combat Readiness (U. S. S. John A. Bole DD-755 Instruction 9030.1 Feb 55. This procedure employed and further developed the concept that later became known as the PQS system.)**
56 Combat Training in Ships (Naval Training Bulletin (OPNAV–Sep 56. Introduced the concepts of Qualifications of the Expert Man o’Warsman and of shipboard chains of authority and responsibility, held by middle rank petty officers, for development of expert ability to fight. See also "Combat Training in Ships Earns an E" by LCDR W. B. Althoff, USN, in Naval Training Bulletin, Winter 1959.)**
57 Combat Organization in Ships (Combat Readiness Magazine (OPNAV–Jul-Sep 57. Develops and explains the concept of shipboard responsibilities for combat readiness based on organizational Combat Units.)
58 A Strategy of Assurance (U. S. Naval War College study, 1958.)
58 Brief on a Fighting Ship ("Heartland City"): the Effect of Management Procedures on the Combat Power of Ships (Memorandum to the Chief of Naval Operations describing a hypothetical warship embodying advanced management techniques, Apr 58. Approved for Fleet implementation in an experimental ship. Ultimately implemented in USS SHELTON and designated as the Ships Readiness Improvement Plan.)**
59 Morale, Management, and the Combat Readiness of Ships (Naval War College study,1959)
60 Visual Communication Experimentation Conducted by USS INGERSOLL and COMDESDIV 212. (29 April 1960. Report of preliminary experiments to develop hi-speed light-based voice-modulated communication techniques for use between ships at sea.)**
61 The Naval Combat Uniform (ComCruDesPac ltr Ser 3/8167 of 11 Dec 61. This letter recommended a surface force combat uniform and was endorsed by both Fleet Commanders in Chief. It died in BUSANDA.) (The Navy has never attempted to adopt a uniform to protect its personnel under combat conditions.)**
62 Chief Observer’s Report of Fleet Anti-Air Warfare Exercise "Tradewind": First occasion of automated recording and indexing of major exercise results (1962).
62 CRUDESPAC Technical and Operational Information Bulletins. (Established a forcewide system for mdistributing information in simple forms to enable reaching all interested shipboard personnel.)**
62 General Emergency In-Port Procedures (ComCruDesPac Instn 3500.9 of 19 Apr 62.)**
62 USS SHELTON (DD790) Organization and Regulations Manual. (Complete manual of organization and responsibilities for maintenance and battle control for adaptation and test as part of ComCruDesPac’s experimental Ship’s Readiness Improvement Plan-10 May 1962.)**
62 Interim Progress Report on the Ship's Readiness Improvement Plan for Development of Improved Shipboard Training and Maintenance Procedures (SRIP). (Commander Cruiser-Destroyer Force, Pacific Fleet, Notice 01500 of 26 Jul 62. This project was a forerunner of today’s SmartShip programs. The SRIP originated the concept of the Navy’s Planned Maintenance System. The project was followed by implementation of an experimental Battle Efficiency Competition in a flotilla of one cruiser and 12 destroyers, in which awards were based on achieved levels of readiness regardless of ship type.)**
62 Ships’ Readiness Improvement Plan. Encl to COMCRUDESPAC INST 1500.5 of 8 Dec1960 subj "Shipboard Maintenance and Training Procedures." (Forerunner to later "smart ship" programs.)** Final report includes summary of Principal Conclusions of Significance to the Service (July 1962).**
62 These Are Our Aims. (Leadership poster linking objectives of Nation, Armed Forces, Fleet, Ship, and Individual.)**
63 Cruiser-Destroyer Flotilla Battle Efficiency Competition Manual for CRUDESFLOT THREE (FLOTCOMP 3). (Battle Efficiency Competition based on achieved levels of readiness. Procedure conceived by this writer. Manual prepared by Flotilla Commander.)**
63 The Expert Destroyerman (and) Qualifications of The Expert Shipboard Combat Unit (and) The Expert Man o"Warsman. (Posters listing and describing principles of Knowledge, Performance, Endurance, and Preparedness, used as bases for awarding "expert" status to outstanding sailors in ships. 1962-63.)**
64 DCR: Procedure for Description and Communication of Readiness (Commander Destroyer Squadron ONE report to Commander Cruiser-Destroyer Force, Pacific Fleet, 1964. This project introduces the concepts of Warfare Areas (AAW, ASW, etc.) and Levels of Readiness (Basic to Advanced). Encloses comprehensive set of descriptive cards describing "essential elements of readiness" with evaluation criteria for all surface warfare areas)**
64 DCR: Readiness Standards Manual. (Manual detailing every operational skill needed by a fleet desstroyer, as a basis for evaluating overall battle readiness by statistical sampling.)
64 Expert Man o'Warsman (Combat Readiness Apr-Jun 64). This exposition introduced the concept of individual "warfare qualifications.")
64 Measurement of Combat Readiness (Combat Readiness special issue Oct-Dec 64. This article reproduced a presentation to the Secretary of the Navy and emphasized the importance of providing readiness information as feedback to sailors in combatant units.)
65 Expression and Communication of Readiness (Proceedings of the 15th Military Operations Research Society Symposium May 65.)
65 Inflatable Surface Gunnery Target. (Combat Readiness Date unk. Item designed for emergency practice against small surface craft, approved as Navy standard stock.)
65 Military Titles-of-Address for Petty Officers. (Memorandum for SECNAV Task Force on Military Retention 13 May 65. This memo led to uniform procedures for using "petty officer" as a standardized title of address.)**
66 Navy Readiness Analysis System (Chief of Naval Operations ltr to the U. S. Naval establishment of 1 Jun 66. This program initiated the concept of Required Operational Capabilities. Led to establishment of new Fleet Readiness and Training Division OP-37 within OPNAV.)
66 Shore Activity Readiness. (Civilian Manpower Management Winter 66-67.) (Explains application of the Navy Readiness Analysis System to shore activities and civilian employees.)**
67 Naval Operational Readiness (Naval War College Review Jun 67. This article publishes the text of a War College lecture describing the Navy Readiness Analysis System.)**
67 Recommendations Regarding Administration of the DoD Output Information Improvement Program (Report of special Joint Service study group to ASD (Comptroller) Jun 67, of which this writer was chairman. This report resulted in establishment of the DoD Output Information Improvement Program.)
68 Output Measurement System (Dept of Defense Directive 7000.4 of 13 Apr 68)
69 Department of Defense. Address reproduced in "Final Report—1969 Projects Conference, March 24-26, Output Information for Planning, Programming, Budgeting in Federal Government Departments and Agencies" (conference conceived and chaired by this writer).**
69 Description and Communication of Capabilities (Report submitted to DoD Blue Ribbon Committee, Sep 69.) (Argues that military outputs in peacetime should be described in terms of capabilities rather than resource levels.)
69 Generation, Transfer, and Usage of Capabilities Information (Presentation to Wkg Grp on Operational Readiness, 24th Military Operations Research Symposium, Nov 69.)**
69 Output Measurement in the Department of Defense (In Final Report, 1969 Projects Conference on Output Information for Planning-Programming-Budgeting in Federal Government Departments and Agencies Apr 69. Overall conference initiated and report edited by this author.)
70 Actions Needed to Improve Information Describing the Outputs of Defense Organizations and Systems (Memorandum to the Deputy Secretary of Defense, 27 Apr 70.)
72 Damage Control: Before, Not After. (Comment on article by LCDR C. F. Fischer II. Emphasizes need for combat uniforms, coordination between DC and medical personnel, vulnerability of ships to heavy shock, need for advanced design of procedures for emergencies in port, importance of establishing a central agency to system-design shipboard management.)
72 Fitness Reports: Preparation and Submission of (COMCRUDESPAC Instruction 27 Apr 1972.) (Contains "Personal Characteristics Sheet" designed as format for identifying subject officer’s strengths of character and abilities as Noted by multiple observers. Adopted by Force Commander for use within his staff.)**
72 Toward a Sense of Naval Purpose. (Article for Arleigh Burke contest. Failed to win award.)
77 A National Urban Information Systems Resource Center: Assessment of Need and Concept. (Public Policy Research Organization, Univ of California, Oct 77. With K. L. Kraemer and D. G. Schetter under HUD research grant H-2566-RG.) **
78 Public Managers' Views of Alternative Degrees of Goal Statement Specificity (Doctoral dissertation, Univ of California 1978. This research sought to explore the practical utility and disadvantages of establishing specific objectives and measuring results.)
79 Potential Contributions of Feedback on Goal Achievement to the Effectiveness of Naval Organizations (Preliminary proposal from Univ of Cal Irvine to Secretary of the Navy Feb 79.)**
80 Potential Contributions of Team-Building Technology to Organizational Effectiveness (Research proposal from the Univ of Cal Irvine to the Office of Naval Research Apr 80.)
80 Relating Personal Goals to Service Goals (Navy Times 7 Apr 80.)
81 Letter to Hon. Jon G. Tower, Chairman, Senate Committee on Armed Services. **
81 Potential Contributions of Alternative Team Development Techniques to the Effectiveness of Navy Teams: A Pilot Study (Research proposal from the Univ of Cal Irvine to Office of Naval Research Mar 81.)**
81 Public Service Measurement (Final Report). (Research report under OPM Grant 80CA25, June 1981, for the University California. Includes a directory of public service measurement systems in current use.)**
82 Keeping the Warship Fit to Fight (Circulation paper 1982.)**
83 Lack of Management Tools Limits Ship Effectiveness. (Navy Times 22 Aug 83.)**
83 Observations on the Current State of Management Practices in Ships of the United States Navy (Circulation paper 1983.)
83 Preliminary Observations on the Current State of Management Practices in Ships of the United States Navy. (Circulation paper, Mar 83.)
83 Shipboard Training: The Team's the Thing (Training and Education essay contest winner US NavInst Proceedings Oct 83. This article introduced the concept of visible feedback to ships’ crews of the results of team training ("Team-based PQS"). Following publication, requests for feedback display materials were received from, and provided at no cost to, officers and senior petty officers in 188 ships. (Ship’s comments and responses in Proceedings Nov 84 p.176ff). See also comment by LT Jeffrey R. Sander Proceedings Jan 84 p. 26, "Where has Captain Appleton been hiding?")**
84 A Simplified Shipboard Team Training Information System (Independent research proposal to the Chief of Naval Education and Training Feb 84.)**
84 Training Warship Combat Teams. (Book prospectus Oct 84 including biography, previous writings, preparatory research, professional contacts, briefs of chapters, potential markets. Submitted unsuccessfully to various publishers.)**
85 A War Emergency Drill Guide for Team Leaders of Hull Damage Control Teams (Circulation paper 1985. This document is officially copyrighted)**
85 Endgame (Arleigh Burke general essay contest winner US Naval Inst Proceedings Apr 85. Described Soviet potentials for severely damaging US ocean commerce without resorting to armed warfare) **
85 Letter to Admiral Burke 2/21/85. (Expresses appreciation for past service in light of recent award.)**
85 Strengthening of Ability of American Warship Crews to Perform Expertly in Battle (Letter to Secretary Dalton, Admiral Boorda, all major commanders, and all members of the Readiness Subcommittees of both Armed Services Committees of the Congress, dated 20 September 1995. This letter summarized recommendations for strengthening of shipboard management procedures as developed over the past fifty years.)**
86 How to Prepare a Warship Quickly for Fighting. (Book proposal to NavInst Press. (Rejected). Comments by professional acquaintances generally favorable.)**
86 IRIS: Design for an Integrated Readiness Information System (Circulation paper 1986.)
86 Organizing Ships for Battle (Article for Arleigh Burke contest. No award, but published in US NavInst Proceedings Jul 86. This article presented and explained the concepts of Combat Teams and Watch Teams and offered a prototype shipboard Instruction for establishing a Battle Readiness Organization paralleling the standard administrative organization.)
87 IRIS: Design for an Integrated Readiness Information System. (Submitted to Naval War College Review 3 March 1987. Not accepted then , but later accepted by Proceedings, then withdrawn and resubmitted to NWC Review in March 1998.)
87 Status of Development of the Team Qualification System (TQS. (Responses from 97 ships to offers of materials to install and conduct a "Team-Based PQS" Feb 87.)
87 Warship Emergency Training. (Circulation paper Nov 87 to all commanding officers as a guide for training in case of emergency deployment. Also distributed under title "How to Train a Warship for Fighting in 24 Days.")**
88 How to Train a Warship for Fighting in 24 Days-Bare Bones Edition (Circulation paper. Copy to Secretary of Defense Webb by letter dated 5/20/87.) **
88 Preliminary Plan for a Shipboard Training Resources Conference (Submitted to Proceedings 8/22/88. Not accepted.)**
88 The U. S. Navy and the Pressures of Peacetime (Draft to US NavInst Proceedings.)
88 The U. S. Navy is in Trouble (Pearl Harbor-Gram and Stars and Stripes 25 Jan 88.)**
88 Warship Battle Training (Two-part serial US NavInst Proceedings Jun and Jul 88. These articles integrated the concepts of Battle Organization and combat training feedback.)
88 Warship Self-Training for Battle-Tools to Help Prepare for Refresher Training or Imminent Warfare. (Reprint of "Warship Battle Training" distributed as a gift to ships’ commanding officers and wardroom officers Mar 88.) (Reprinted in substance with permission of NavInst Proceedings June and July 1988. Favorable comments received from all major commanders.)**
89 America's Next Naval Battle: Either Decisive Victory or Disaster for the Nation (US NavInst Proceedings July 1989.) (This article emphasized need for establishment of centralized responsibility for whole-system approach to ship design including management resources.)**
89 Letter to the President of the United States (Bush). (Dated 4/20/89. Concerns "critical deficiencies in the state of battle training of U. S. Navy ships and consequent jeopardy to the security of the Nation." Copies to senior members of Congress and major Navy commanders.)**
89 The U. S. Navy and the Prospect of Sudden War. (Preliminary book proposal submitted to NavInst Press 2/4/89. Did not fly.)**
90 A Shipboard Battle Training System (A Team-Based Personnel Qualification System). (Submitted to US NavInst Proceedings Nov 90.)
90 Emergency Combat Training for American Naval Ships. (Circulation paper delivered to major commands, 1990. Focuses on Organization for Battle Training, Team Training Feedback Procedure, and Planning Battle Drills.)**
90 Pressures of Peacetime. (Article for Arleigh Burke contest. Failed to win award.)
90 The US Sailor in Defense of the Sealanes. (Article for Proceedings—Rejected.)
91 Bravery Will Not be Enough. (Article for Arleigh Burke contest. Failed to win award, but accepted for publication.)
91 A Shipboard Battle Training System (SBTS): Book-length circulation paper distributed to all major commands March 91. Addresses decentralized responsibility for results, participative advance planning of battle drills, visual feedback of changes in fighting capabilities, and strengthening of physical and psychological toughness. This treatise was submitted to the NI Press and carefully reviewed to effect that the subject is important but the solution impractical, since American ships historically do not prepare for battle in advance. Review is included in Archive as potentially interesting to future researchers on subject of warship management.)**
91 Shipboard Visual Display of Status of Team Training. (Sample ltr dated 8 Feb 91 addressed to CO USS BOWEN FF-1079 listing 151 ships that had requested materials including 22 sample qualification cards, preceded by similar requests from 95 ships, and concluding that concept of visual display of results of team training was being perceived by ships officers as potentially useful.)**
91 Warship Self–Training for Battle: Design for a Shipboard Battle Training System (SBTS) (Submitted to the Chief of Naval Operations, April 1991.)**
92 A Shipboard Battle Training System (SBTS): A Team-Based PQS. (Abbreviated 4-page pamphlet to all ship COs summarizing procedures for establishing team-based battle organization and providing visible feedback of training progress.)**
92 A Tour of Kings Mountain—Description of an Experimental TQL Warship (Accepted by U. S. Naval Institute Proceedings Oct 92 as a TQL feature.)
92 Topping Off Battle Training in U. S. Navy Warships (Circulation paper, 1992.)
93 Application of Principles of Total Quality Leadership (TQL) to Achievement and Sustainment of Expert Ability to Fight in U. S. Navy Surface Warships (Manuscript submitted to U. S. Naval Institute Press in 1991 and 1993.)
93 Letter to Hon Sam Nunn, Chairman, Senate Committee on Armed Services. (Subj: Human performance in US Navy ships under extreme conditions. Addresses aspects of management, training, equipment, and structure that need to be addressed in the process of strengthening the fighting ability of US Navy surface warships through Total Quality Leadership.)**
93 Measuring Results for TQL (Submitted to US NavInst Proceedings Dec 93.)**
94 Thirteen Statements to the U. S. Secretary of the Navy on Topping Off Warship Fighting Abilities Through Total Quality Leadership (Submitted to SECNAV and circulated to commands and ships during 1994-5. Full texts requested by 10 major commands and 16 ships.) Contents (53,000 words, pamphlet format): 1. Overview 2. Pressures of Peacetime 3. Bravery Will Not Be Enough 4. The Warship Environment in Battle 5. From Challenges Toward Solutions 6. Organization for Fighting 7. Protecting Sailors in Battle 8. Planning Battle Drills 9. Feedback on Progress 10. On-Board Implementation 11. Help From Above 12. A Tour of Kings Mountain 13. Leadership and Culture 14. Measuring Battle Capabilities.)**
94 TQL For the Lives of U. S. Sailors (Accepted by US NavInst Proceedings, Feb 94.)
95 Bibliography of Literature on Defining and Measuring Naval Readiness (Final Report to U. S. Navy Personnel Research and Development Center (NPRDC) under Contract No. DAAL03-91-0035, November 1995.)
95 Dated Procedures Endanger Ship Crews. (Navy Times, issue of 6 November 1995. (This article duplicated the text of a 20 Sep 95 letter to SecNav.)**
95 How Warship Management Systems Can Impact Fighting Abilities (Accepted by US NavInst Proceedings, June 1995; released for publication by Navy Times.)
95 Measuring Fleet Capabilities: Urgent Need for an Unpopular Resource (Ms submitted to NPRDC under above-cited contract, November 1995.)
96 Combat Leadership Before Combat. (US NavInst Proceedings August 1996. Comments on seven recently published leadership articles, stressing needs for leadership in (1) establishing a "master goal" for Navy combat leadership; (2) creating a standardized shipboard battle readiness organization; (3) providing improved personal protection against violence; (4) providing means to furnish combat training feedback to ships’ crews; (5) developing understanding by new ship designers of importance of systematic examination of factors affecting human performance in combat.)
96 Let Us Lead Toward Ability to Fight! (Accepted by U. S. Naval Institute Proceedings Feb 83, later released for publication in 1996 by the Naval Doctrine Command.)
96 Let Us Lead Toward Ability to Fight! (U.S. Naval Doctrine Command Technical Report No.1-00-003, January, 1996.)**
96 Naval Combat Readiness: A Conceptual Model and Research Plan (With B. C. Tatum, D. M. Nebeker, and G. Laabs in NPRDC Final Report under above-cited research contract, forthcoming 1996.)
96 Twenty-three Experimental Concepts to Enhance Warship Combat Effectiveness. (Recommendations submitted to CNO, COMNAVSURFLANT, and COMNAVSURFPAC for consideration in connection with SmartShip programs, April 1996. Also submitted to US NavInst Proceedings.)
96 No Time to Rest. (Published comment on article by CDR G. D. Roncolato. Argues that U. S. sailors urgently need five kinds of leadership help: a master goal for leaders (progress toward expert ability to fight); a standardized shipboard battle readiness organization; an adequate combat uniform; a training feedback information system; understanding that these elements are interrelated. In NavInst Proceedings Aug 96.)**
97 Combat Leadership for Littoral Warfare. (Draft of 50,000 word book submitted to Naval Institute Press Feb 97. Also offered at no cost to all members of US and allied maritime services and concerned professionals). This document elicited requests for copies from officers or senior petty officers in 40 ships and 10 shore commands (provided on paper and computer disk at no cost).
98 Bravery Will Not be Enough. (Submitted to Arleigh Burke contest. Published in Proceedings Sep 98.)
98 Letter dated 16 May 98 to Secretary of Navy Dalton subj "Fighting Abilities of U. S. Warship Crews:" (Forwards this list of publications and recommends instituting a line of effort aimed at system design of shipboard management.)
98 Letter dated 21 May 98 to Ch Floyd Spence of House Natl Security Committee subj "Military Readiness". (Forwards copy of article "Measuring Changes in Fighting Abilities" prompted by feature in Navy Times citing renewed congressional interest in measring military readiness.)
98 Measuring Changes in Fighting Abilities. (Ms submitted to Naval War College Review, March 1998.The work has focused on development of improved techniques for use by warships crews to aid in withstanding stress and violence, defining team training goals, organizing for battle and battle training during all readiness conditions, and providing feedback to all hands on what skills have been achieved. Rejected with suggestion to resubmit to Proceedings.)
98 Warship Battle Training—How to Measure Goals and Progress. ( Description of Team Training Feedback Procedure. Submitted to Proceedings Nov 98.)
98 A Tour of Kings Mountain. Description of a hypothetical experimental ship utilizing recommended procedures for strengthening fighting abilities. Submitted to Proceedings Nov 98.)
99 Strengthening Warship Fighting Abilities. (Summary of five on-board conditions that tend to impair ability of US warship crews to perform expertly under conditions of stress and violence. Accepted by Proceedings Oct 98.)
99 Planning Warship Battle Drills. (Suggested procedures for conducting shipboard battle drills when time is limited. Accepted by Proceedings Feb 99.)
99 Warship Battle Training—How to Measure Goals and Progress. (Resubmitted by letter to all surface ship Fleet Type Commanders (Surface, Air, Reserve, Mine WF) with offer to prepare Battle Function Qualification Cards for all types of ships over a period of five years at no cost to the government. Attached sample Qual Card plus copy of this list of reports. March 99.)
The foregoing initiatives resulted in today’s Planned Maintenance System, the Personnel Qualification Standards system, the concept of Required Operational Capabilities, the concept of Warfare Areas (ASW, AAW, etc.), the concept of Levels of Training (Basic to Advanced), the first management experiment ("smart") ship, the first attempt to record the results of a major Fleet exercise in automated form, the procedure for awarding "warfare pins" to individuals, and invention of an inflatable surface warfare target.
The 50,000-word booklet "Combat Leadership for Littoral Warfare" was announced in Oct 1997 and early 1998 to all surface ship COs, copy available on searchable disks. Copies have been requested by officers or senior petty officers in fifty-two commands (no costs). This essay is supported by recent on-board observation in 83 ships, discussions with 21 commanders associated with surface warfare policies and resources, discussions with 50 Fleet training instructors, correspondence with more than 300 Navy and maritime professionals, 8 years of doctoral-level academic research in areas of organization, motivation, management, and leadership, and thirty years of active duty experience including four sea commands and four tours in training and readiness staff billets. Comprehensive working papers have been distributed for comment to all U.S. ships five times and to several allied navy headquarters.
The central concepts addressed by this work were treated in depth in Proceedings articles during the past 14 years as follows:
Basic concepts for integrating battle training, measurement, and feedback of progress: Shipboard Training: The Team's the Thing (Training and Education essay contest winner Proceedings Oct 1983. [Following publication, requests for feedback display materials were received from, and provided at no cost to, officers and senior petty officers in 188 ships.]) (Extensive comments on this article were published in 1984 Proceedings issues of Jan (p. 26), Apr (p. 96), Jun (p. 24) and Nov (p. 176.)
Hazards to warships and maritime commerce in littoral waters and how naval effectiveness depends on human fighting abilities: Endgame. (Arleigh Burke essay contest winner) (Proceedings Apr 1985).
Concepts of Battle Systems and Combat and Watch Teams. Organizing Ships for Battle (Proceedings Jul 1986.)
Explanation of interactions between battle organization and battle training. Warship Battle Training Part 1 (Proceedings Jun 1988).
Explanation of Team Training Feedback Procedure and distinctions between battle skills and operational skills. Warship Battle Training Part 2 (Proceedings July 1988).
Need for centralized responsibility for systematic design of shipboard resources. America's Next Naval Battle: Either Decisive Victory or Disaster for the Nation (Proceedings Jul 1989).
Illustration of how integrated shipboard management systems could affect fighting abilities. A Tour of King’s Mountain—Description of an Experimental TQL Warship. (Accepted by Proceedings Oct 1992 but not published.)
Summary of concepts relating to resistance to violence, organization for battle, conduct of battle training, and feedback of changes in fighting abilities. Bravery Will Not Be Enough. (Proceedings Sep 98).
Summary of five major problems tending to impair shhipboard fighting abilities. Strengthening Warship Fighting Abilities. (Accepted by Proceedings Oct 98)